Supply chain management consists of firms collaborating to leverage strategic positioning and to improve operating efficiency.

The services that a freight forwarder renders may often range from routine and basic tasks such as（）or customs clearance to a comprehensive package of services.

There are three major routes of container transportation： Far East to North America， Far East to Europe and Mediterranean， North America to Europe and Mediterranean.

The（）may examine or re-examine the goods or take samples from them straightaway in the absence of the consignee or the consignor whenever it considers this necessary.

For transport of hazardous materials， truckers need a licence， which usually requires them to pass an exam.

（） is the party which applies to the bank for the opening of a letter of credit.

Customs clearance in the import-export trade is one of the traditional functions of a freight forwarder.Customs clearance measures mainly include （）。

（） transport of goods is the principal means of transport in many countries due to the low threshold infrastructure requirements.

Liquid goods are transported by road in （）.

Since the freight payments are taken care of by the freight forwarder， the carrier doesn′t have to take any （）.